The widespread recognition of Native Americans’ participation in and profit from the institution of slavery is relatively new. More attention has been focused on the issue with recent re-evaluations of the United States’ history of racism, and it remains a complex issue for many Americans who identify as both Black and Native. This history of enslavement of African Americans and people of African descent by Native Americans results in bureaucratic, political, and social challenges for descendants of those enslaved, such as the Seminole Freedmen, or Black Seminoles.